Events
Almoravid Conquest
The conquest of the Barghawata Confederacy by the Almoravid dynasty (1058–1059 CE), ending over three centuries of Berber independence on Morocco's Atlantic coast.
Great Berber Revolt
A widespread uprising of Berber peoples against Umayyad Arab rule in North Africa (739–743 CE), which paved the way for the emergence of independent Berber states including the Barghawata Confederacy.
Siege of Mazagan (1562)
The Great Siege of Mazagan from 18 February to 7 May 1562 — the Saadian attempt by Abu Abdallah Mohammed II Saadi with 85,000–120,000 men and 24 cannon against 2,800 Portuguese under Rui de Sousa de Carvalho; a Portuguese victory that preserved the star fortress and tested its 69 embrasures and wet moat.
Siege of Mazagan (1769)
The final siege of Mazagan in early 1769 — Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah's 70,000 men and 35 cannon against 592 Portuguese under Dinis Gregório de Melo Castro e Mendonça; the negotiated evacuation of 11 March, the mining of the bastions with ~40 barrels each, and the explosion that killed about 5,000 Moroccans and left the city al-Mahdouma (the Ruined).